Postagens
House and Society in the Ancient Greek World
Series: New Studies in Archaeology
Lisa C. Nevett
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Paperback
(ISBN-13: 9780521000253 ISBN-10: 0521000254)
There was also a Hardback of this title but it is no longer available
Published July 2001
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This book re-examines traditional assumptions about the nature of social relationships in Greek households during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Through detailed exploration of archaeological evidence from individual houses, Lisa Nevett identifies a recognisable concept of the citizen household as a social unit, and suggests that this was present in numerous Greek cities. She argues that in such households relations between men and women, traditionally perceived as dominating the domestic environment, should be placed within the wider context of domestic activity. Although gender was an important cultural factor which helped to shape the organisation of the house, this was balanced against other influences, notably the relationship between household members and outsiders. At the same time the role of the household in relation to the wider social structures of the polis, or city state, changed rapidly through time, with the house itself coming to represent an important symbol of personal prestige.
Contents
Introduction; 1. Domestic space and ancient Greek society; 2. Approaches to the material record; 3. From pots to people: towards a framework for interpreting the archaeological material; 4. The city of Olynthos: a detailed case-study in domestic organisation; 5. Olynthos in context: houses in northern, central and southern Greece and the Aegean Islands; 6. Regional patterns in domestic organisation: Greek houses from Sicily and southern Italy; 7. House and society in the ancient Greek world.
View PDF Sample Chapter
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sábado, 26 de setembro de 2009
domingo, 20 de setembro de 2009
Phalanx and Hoplites.
http://www.livius.org/pha-phd/phalanx/phalanx.html
Phalanx and Hoplites
The Chigi Vase, which shows a phalanx (©!!!)
Phalanx: ancient Greek expression to signify an organized, dense line of battle; the heavily armed infantry soldiers were known as hoplites.
Although representations of soldiers in densely packed battle lines date back to the third millennium BCE in the ancient Near East, the word phalanx is usually used to describe Greek armies. The first Greek author to use the word φαλαγξ is Homer, and in his poems it means something like an organized battle line. This is remarkable because in Homer's poems, warriors fight individual combats whereas the soldiers in a phalanx (the hoplites) fight as a group. However, it is reasonably clear that Homer's duels were in his age already becoming anachronistic. The Greeks had started to fight as organized lines of battle, and if we can trust the evidence of the Chigi Vase, which was produced in c.650 BCE, the soldiers already had standard equipment in the seventh century.
Vase painting of a hoplite (KMKG, Brussel)
By then, tactics must have been very simple. The heavily-armed soldiers, recruited from the upper class of a town (because only they could afford arms and panoply), were standing in long, parallel lines, close to each other. Every hoplite carried a large round shield (the aspis or hoplon) which covered his own left side and the right side of the man to his left. A phalanx was, therefore, very densely packed and could not easily turn to the left or right. If its allowed to compare war with sport: a hoplite battle was something like a "scrum" in a rugby match: both sides, armed with spears, tried to push over the enemy, and once a phalanx was victorious, the losses at the other side were extremely heavy, because the victors would use their swords to kill the defeated men.
Standing in a battle line and waiting for the clash with the enemy took considerable courage, as the playwright Euripides suggests in a diatribe against the demigod Heracles, who was...
A Carian. Relief from the eastern stairs of the Apadana at Persepolis
... a man who has won a reputation for valor in his contests with beasts, in all else a weakling; who ne'er buckled shield to arm nor faced the spear, but with a bow, that coward's weapon, was ever ready to run away. Archery is no test of manly bravery; no! he is a man who keeps his post in the ranks and steadily faces the swift wound the spear may plough.Wounds were likely, and therefore, the hoplites were protected by a breastplate, greaves, their hoplon, and a tunic of stiffened linen. Their offensive weapons were, as already noted, a spear and a sword - the latter only to be used in the second phase of the battle. The soldiers must have been strong men, because the full panoply could weigh as much as 15 kg, and it comes as no surprise that foreigners often noted that the Greek soldiers were "men of bronze" (Herodotus, Histories, 2.152) or "men clad in iron" (Ptolemy III Chronicle). On the reliefs on the eastern stairs of the Apadana in Persepolis, it is not the Yaunâ (Greeks) but the Carians who are armed like hoplites, but it was generally admitted that the latter had developed part of the hoplite panoply.
Marathon (©**)
The original tactic, which we compared to the rugby scrum, was essentially a one-dimensional way to fight a battle. The development of hoplite warfare made it increasingly two-dimensional. The famous battle of Marathon (490 BCE) is one of the first recorded instances in which the phalanx was employed in a more creative way. The Persians seriously outnumbered the Athenians, and the Greek commander Miltiades was forced to stretch his lines, to prevent outflanking. At the same time he strengthened his wings, even when this meant that the center was weakened:
During the battle, the Athenian wings destroyed the Persian wings, and turned against the center. If we are to believe the body count after the battle, the Athenians lost 192 men in the ensuing mêlée, their opponents 6,400. This is exaggerated (6,400 = 192 × 331/3), but no doubt the invaders suffered severely.
The obvious response to an attack by a phalanx was a first strike by light armed spearmen and archers. Their missiles would break the ranks of the attacking phalanx. At the same time, cavalry could be placed on the wings, which could attack the enemy's rear once the battle had started. The smaller (red) army in the next diagram has a fair chance against the larger (pink) army:
Hoplites on the Monument of the Nereids from Xanthus (Turkey), now in the British Museum
During the Peloponnesian War, which lasted from 431 to 404 and was fought all over the Greek world, warfare became increasingly professionalized. At Mantinea in 418 (more...), we see the first instance of a realignment of the troops after the battle had started, something that had never been attempted before.
The main innovation, however, was the oblique phalanx. The first experiments took place during the Corinthian War (395-387), but it was during the Battle of Leuctra in 371 that its devastating potential became clear. The Theban commander Epaminondas placed his troops at an angle with the Spartan troops and fortified one of his wings. in this way, he was able to concentrate his forces on one section of the Spartan battle line. The Thebans broke through the Spartan lines, and their victory was complete.
Macedonian phalanx (©*; Johnny Shumate)
King Philip II of Macedonia, who had spent his youth as a hostage in Thebes and knew Epaminondas personally, further improved the phalanx. Until then, it had been eight to sixteen lines deep, but now, twenty lines were more common. The spear, which had been two to three meters long, was now replaced by a lance (sarissa) with a length of about six meters. Because a hoplite now needed both hands to carry his weapon, his shield was made smaller.
Chaeronea
Once the battle had started, the battalions of hoplites -or, as they were now called, pezhetairoi, "foot companions"- forced the enemy to stay at the same place ("to hold 'em by the nose"), while the cavalry attempted to break though the lines of the enemy and tried to reach their rear ("kick 'em in their balls").
Battle had by now become a very flexible affair. At Chaeronea (338), the main cavalry units were on the left wing and the phalanx advanced obliquely; at Issus (333), the phalanx was a straight line and the main cavalry unit, commanded by Philip's son Alexander the Great, was on the right wing.
Alexander's conquest of the Punjab and the valley of the Indus meant the introduction of the war elephant, which was used against enemy cavalry, which could never keep its line of battle when faced by these monsters. (The soldiers in the phalanxes usually had special sarissas that were used to attack the trunks, whereas archers could attack their eyes.) At the same time, units became more varied: heavy cavalry was used to force a break into the enemy's lines, light troops were used to protect or disturb the phalanx, and sometimes, even catapults could be employed.
As a result, the phalanx was one of several units that could be employed by a general. However, it was still the most important instrument to force the enemy to stay at the same place and it was still the most important part of the army once the battle had been won and the enemy had to be killed.
The main weakness of the phalanx alway was that its right wing was poorly protected, because hoplites had their shields on their left arm. (The historian Thucydides describes how phalanxes always drift a bit to the right.) Another important weakness was that the phalanx could only operate on a plain; hills would break the line of battle, and an enemy would enter these openings. Finally, if the battle lasted very long, the first line of men would collapse of sheer exhaustion.
The first encounter between a Greek phalanx and a Roman legion was the battle of Heraclea in 280, in which Pyrrhus of Epirus overcame his Italian enemies, but suffered heavy losses because the Roman army was more flexible and could replace the soldiers in the first line; they could continue to fight much longer. This flexibility was Rome's main advantage, especially when rearrangements had to be made during the battle - something that was always necessary during a fight on a hilly terrain. In June 197, at Cynoscephalae, the Roman commander Titus Quinctus Flamininus overcame the Macedonian king Philip V, and the Greek historian Polybius of Megalopolis concluded that this battle was the best example to show that legions were superior to the phalanx (World History, 18.28-31).
© J
Phalanx and Hoplites
The Chigi Vase, which shows a phalanx (©!!!)
Phalanx: ancient Greek expression to signify an organized, dense line of battle; the heavily armed infantry soldiers were known as hoplites.
Although representations of soldiers in densely packed battle lines date back to the third millennium BCE in the ancient Near East, the word phalanx is usually used to describe Greek armies. The first Greek author to use the word φαλαγξ is Homer, and in his poems it means something like an organized battle line. This is remarkable because in Homer's poems, warriors fight individual combats whereas the soldiers in a phalanx (the hoplites) fight as a group. However, it is reasonably clear that Homer's duels were in his age already becoming anachronistic. The Greeks had started to fight as organized lines of battle, and if we can trust the evidence of the Chigi Vase, which was produced in c.650 BCE, the soldiers already had standard equipment in the seventh century.
Vase painting of a hoplite (KMKG, Brussel)
By then, tactics must have been very simple. The heavily-armed soldiers, recruited from the upper class of a town (because only they could afford arms and panoply), were standing in long, parallel lines, close to each other. Every hoplite carried a large round shield (the aspis or hoplon) which covered his own left side and the right side of the man to his left. A phalanx was, therefore, very densely packed and could not easily turn to the left or right. If its allowed to compare war with sport: a hoplite battle was something like a "scrum" in a rugby match: both sides, armed with spears, tried to push over the enemy, and once a phalanx was victorious, the losses at the other side were extremely heavy, because the victors would use their swords to kill the defeated men.
Standing in a battle line and waiting for the clash with the enemy took considerable courage, as the playwright Euripides suggests in a diatribe against the demigod Heracles, who was...
A Carian. Relief from the eastern stairs of the Apadana at Persepolis
... a man who has won a reputation for valor in his contests with beasts, in all else a weakling; who ne'er buckled shield to arm nor faced the spear, but with a bow, that coward's weapon, was ever ready to run away. Archery is no test of manly bravery; no! he is a man who keeps his post in the ranks and steadily faces the swift wound the spear may plough.Wounds were likely, and therefore, the hoplites were protected by a breastplate, greaves, their hoplon, and a tunic of stiffened linen. Their offensive weapons were, as already noted, a spear and a sword - the latter only to be used in the second phase of the battle. The soldiers must have been strong men, because the full panoply could weigh as much as 15 kg, and it comes as no surprise that foreigners often noted that the Greek soldiers were "men of bronze" (Herodotus, Histories, 2.152) or "men clad in iron" (Ptolemy III Chronicle). On the reliefs on the eastern stairs of the Apadana in Persepolis, it is not the Yaunâ (Greeks) but the Carians who are armed like hoplites, but it was generally admitted that the latter had developed part of the hoplite panoply.
Marathon (©**)
The original tactic, which we compared to the rugby scrum, was essentially a one-dimensional way to fight a battle. The development of hoplite warfare made it increasingly two-dimensional. The famous battle of Marathon (490 BCE) is one of the first recorded instances in which the phalanx was employed in a more creative way. The Persians seriously outnumbered the Athenians, and the Greek commander Miltiades was forced to stretch his lines, to prevent outflanking. At the same time he strengthened his wings, even when this meant that the center was weakened:
During the battle, the Athenian wings destroyed the Persian wings, and turned against the center. If we are to believe the body count after the battle, the Athenians lost 192 men in the ensuing mêlée, their opponents 6,400. This is exaggerated (6,400 = 192 × 331/3), but no doubt the invaders suffered severely.
The obvious response to an attack by a phalanx was a first strike by light armed spearmen and archers. Their missiles would break the ranks of the attacking phalanx. At the same time, cavalry could be placed on the wings, which could attack the enemy's rear once the battle had started. The smaller (red) army in the next diagram has a fair chance against the larger (pink) army:
Hoplites on the Monument of the Nereids from Xanthus (Turkey), now in the British Museum
During the Peloponnesian War, which lasted from 431 to 404 and was fought all over the Greek world, warfare became increasingly professionalized. At Mantinea in 418 (more...), we see the first instance of a realignment of the troops after the battle had started, something that had never been attempted before.
The main innovation, however, was the oblique phalanx. The first experiments took place during the Corinthian War (395-387), but it was during the Battle of Leuctra in 371 that its devastating potential became clear. The Theban commander Epaminondas placed his troops at an angle with the Spartan troops and fortified one of his wings. in this way, he was able to concentrate his forces on one section of the Spartan battle line. The Thebans broke through the Spartan lines, and their victory was complete.
Macedonian phalanx (©*; Johnny Shumate)
King Philip II of Macedonia, who had spent his youth as a hostage in Thebes and knew Epaminondas personally, further improved the phalanx. Until then, it had been eight to sixteen lines deep, but now, twenty lines were more common. The spear, which had been two to three meters long, was now replaced by a lance (sarissa) with a length of about six meters. Because a hoplite now needed both hands to carry his weapon, his shield was made smaller.
Chaeronea
Once the battle had started, the battalions of hoplites -or, as they were now called, pezhetairoi, "foot companions"- forced the enemy to stay at the same place ("to hold 'em by the nose"), while the cavalry attempted to break though the lines of the enemy and tried to reach their rear ("kick 'em in their balls").
Battle had by now become a very flexible affair. At Chaeronea (338), the main cavalry units were on the left wing and the phalanx advanced obliquely; at Issus (333), the phalanx was a straight line and the main cavalry unit, commanded by Philip's son Alexander the Great, was on the right wing.
Alexander's conquest of the Punjab and the valley of the Indus meant the introduction of the war elephant, which was used against enemy cavalry, which could never keep its line of battle when faced by these monsters. (The soldiers in the phalanxes usually had special sarissas that were used to attack the trunks, whereas archers could attack their eyes.) At the same time, units became more varied: heavy cavalry was used to force a break into the enemy's lines, light troops were used to protect or disturb the phalanx, and sometimes, even catapults could be employed.
As a result, the phalanx was one of several units that could be employed by a general. However, it was still the most important instrument to force the enemy to stay at the same place and it was still the most important part of the army once the battle had been won and the enemy had to be killed.
The main weakness of the phalanx alway was that its right wing was poorly protected, because hoplites had their shields on their left arm. (The historian Thucydides describes how phalanxes always drift a bit to the right.) Another important weakness was that the phalanx could only operate on a plain; hills would break the line of battle, and an enemy would enter these openings. Finally, if the battle lasted very long, the first line of men would collapse of sheer exhaustion.
The first encounter between a Greek phalanx and a Roman legion was the battle of Heraclea in 280, in which Pyrrhus of Epirus overcame his Italian enemies, but suffered heavy losses because the Roman army was more flexible and could replace the soldiers in the first line; they could continue to fight much longer. This flexibility was Rome's main advantage, especially when rearrangements had to be made during the battle - something that was always necessary during a fight on a hilly terrain. In June 197, at Cynoscephalae, the Roman commander Titus Quinctus Flamininus overcame the Macedonian king Philip V, and the Greek historian Polybius of Megalopolis concluded that this battle was the best example to show that legions were superior to the phalanx (World History, 18.28-31).
© J
sexta-feira, 18 de setembro de 2009
Vishnu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu
Vishnu (IAST: viṣṇu, Devanagari: विष्णु), (honorific: Bhagavan Vishnu), is the Supreme God in Vaishnavite tradition of Hinduism. Smarta followers of Adi Shankara, among others, venerate Vishnu as one of the five primary forms of God.[1] He is exalted as the highest God in Hindu sacred texts like the Taittiriya Samhita and the Bhagavad Gita.[2] [3] He is the Guru Kshethram, representing Bṛhaspati, or Jupiter, in the Navagraha, or nine cosmic influences.
The Vishnu Sahasranama[4] declares Vishnu as Paramatma (supreme soul) and Parameshwara (supreme God). It describes Vishnu as the All-Pervading essence of all beings, the master of—and beyond—the past, present and future, the creator and destroyer of all existences, one who supports, sustains and governs the Universe and originates and develops all elements within.
In the Puranas, Vishnu is described as having the divine color of clouds (dark-blue), four-armed, holding a lotus, mace, conch and chakra (wheel). Vishnu is also described in the Bhagavad Gita as having a 'Universal Form' (Vishvarupa) which is beyond the ordinary limits of human perception.[5]
The Puranas also describe each of the Dasavatara of Vishnu. Among these ten principal avatars described, nine of them have occurred in the past and one will take place in the future, at the end of Kali Yuga. In the commentary of creator Brahma in Vishnu Sahasranamam, he refers to Vishnu as "Sahasrakoti Yuga Dharine", which means that these incarnations take place in all Yugas in cosmic scales. The Bhagavad Gita mentions their purpose as being to rejuvenate Dharma[6] and vanquish negative forces as also to display His divine pastimes in front of the conditioned/fallen souls. In almost all Hindu denominations, Vishnu is either worshiped directly or in the form of his ten avatars, such as Rama and Krishna.[7]
The Trimurti (English: ‘three forms’; Sanskrit: trimūrti) is a concept in Hinduism "in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva the destroyer or transformer."[8][9] These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad"[10] or the "Great Trinity".[11] Of the three members of the Trimurti, the Bhagavata Purana explains that the greatest benefit can be had from Vishnu.[12]
Vishnu (IAST: viṣṇu, Devanagari: विष्णु), (honorific: Bhagavan Vishnu), is the Supreme God in Vaishnavite tradition of Hinduism. Smarta followers of Adi Shankara, among others, venerate Vishnu as one of the five primary forms of God.[1] He is exalted as the highest God in Hindu sacred texts like the Taittiriya Samhita and the Bhagavad Gita.[2] [3] He is the Guru Kshethram, representing Bṛhaspati, or Jupiter, in the Navagraha, or nine cosmic influences.
The Vishnu Sahasranama[4] declares Vishnu as Paramatma (supreme soul) and Parameshwara (supreme God). It describes Vishnu as the All-Pervading essence of all beings, the master of—and beyond—the past, present and future, the creator and destroyer of all existences, one who supports, sustains and governs the Universe and originates and develops all elements within.
In the Puranas, Vishnu is described as having the divine color of clouds (dark-blue), four-armed, holding a lotus, mace, conch and chakra (wheel). Vishnu is also described in the Bhagavad Gita as having a 'Universal Form' (Vishvarupa) which is beyond the ordinary limits of human perception.[5]
The Puranas also describe each of the Dasavatara of Vishnu. Among these ten principal avatars described, nine of them have occurred in the past and one will take place in the future, at the end of Kali Yuga. In the commentary of creator Brahma in Vishnu Sahasranamam, he refers to Vishnu as "Sahasrakoti Yuga Dharine", which means that these incarnations take place in all Yugas in cosmic scales. The Bhagavad Gita mentions their purpose as being to rejuvenate Dharma[6] and vanquish negative forces as also to display His divine pastimes in front of the conditioned/fallen souls. In almost all Hindu denominations, Vishnu is either worshiped directly or in the form of his ten avatars, such as Rama and Krishna.[7]
The Trimurti (English: ‘three forms’; Sanskrit: trimūrti) is a concept in Hinduism "in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva the destroyer or transformer."[8][9] These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad"[10] or the "Great Trinity".[11] Of the three members of the Trimurti, the Bhagavata Purana explains that the greatest benefit can be had from Vishnu.[12]
terça-feira, 8 de setembro de 2009
Ancient greek houses.
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/Architec/AncientArchitectural/GreekArchitecture/GreekBuilding/AncientGreekHouse.htm
The Ancient Greek House
The typical ancient Greek house was a place where the man of the family was proud to live. Within the walls of the house, no one could treat him with any form of disrespect at any possible time. The house was the heart of the man, in which he had no choice but to protect it and its living and non-living contents.
The Essence of the House One worry of all homeowners in the classical times was the house. The threat of an intruder filled the mind of the man of the family, especially when away from the house. Both work and war kept the man away from his home, leaving an invitation for neighborhood men and outsiders to have their way with his wife, daughter(s) and sons, and the family's belongings. The lack of home security brought the pressures of protecting the house and everything within to a challenging height. The Greek term oikos is an equivalent to a man's area, which is the space that he has the sole responsibility to protect, so that present and future generations can dwell in the home already prepared by the man.At that time, only men were allowed to own land, which left a mark for a male homeowner's son to see to. When the man of the family died, the son would take over and then take on the same responsibilities as his father once did. Since the home was such an important aspect of Greek civilization, a detailed description of the common house and its rooms will help bring the society's physical form into a more comprehensive view. Throughout Ancient Greece, houses came in two forms: the northern and southern style. These two types of homes varied by material, structure, location, and culture. Due to the shortage of information on the houses, historians have made some assumptions as to the details of the ancient house and its uses.Inside the House Within the typical house of the ancient times, the functions of some rooms in the houses are obvious, while some are unknown today. But the evaluations of the interiors of these houses have helped researchers better understand what the typical house was like. Through research concerning the everyday house, it is now known what lies inside. Evidence has shown that these houses contained rooms equivalent to a main hall, courtyard, staircase, entrance, second entrance, upper floor for guests and slaves, and a number of public rooms that border the courtyard. One example is a house in the town of Olynthos. In the second millennium BC, in Mallia, Crete, a wealthy merchant's house (as we suppose) contained a vestibule, a main corridor, a group of small storerooms, a bathroom, an eating and sleeping room, reception room, and former stores. There were also houses of smaller size, owned by the less wealthy, consisting of only basic necessary rooms. These houses possessed simple qualities that have been tagged lower class.General information about the rooms is rather clear, but the furniture in the house made each room unique. The Greeks used practicality to furnish their houses and they also borrowed some Egyptian techniques to build the furniture. Their home furnishings consisted of countless stools and chairs, some of which borrowed the folding X-frame from the Egyptians; a bed was made out of a thick board on four legs with a blanket, or by weaving string across of wooden frame, and chests were used in place of cupboards. Mattresses were made of sacks filled with leaves, which was actually comfortable to the people at the time. By today's standards, many would say this method is unbearable, compared to the spring mattress.
Neighborhoods
The ancient Greeks lived in a very enclosed manner as rows of five houses lined a typical street at those times. The plot of land (like Olynthos) which the houses sat was typical of a rectangular shape with the rows of houses lined up one next to the other. This method of building was accomplished using the supporting wall structure of the neighboring house to keep the next house standing. Given that the rows of houses shared materials, the construction of a neighboring building would be somewhat shorter and more efficient than building a free standing structure depending on no other supports.
The House Lives On The Greek style house has branded different landscapes and cities with its unique ways. Greek influence has overcome Italian sites, such as Sicily, because the Greeks once occupied that area. The Romans and those in the area might owe Greece their innovations of the living quarters of the common man.
Information provided by: http://www.historyforkids.org
The Ancient Greek House
The typical ancient Greek house was a place where the man of the family was proud to live. Within the walls of the house, no one could treat him with any form of disrespect at any possible time. The house was the heart of the man, in which he had no choice but to protect it and its living and non-living contents.
The Essence of the House One worry of all homeowners in the classical times was the house. The threat of an intruder filled the mind of the man of the family, especially when away from the house. Both work and war kept the man away from his home, leaving an invitation for neighborhood men and outsiders to have their way with his wife, daughter(s) and sons, and the family's belongings. The lack of home security brought the pressures of protecting the house and everything within to a challenging height. The Greek term oikos is an equivalent to a man's area, which is the space that he has the sole responsibility to protect, so that present and future generations can dwell in the home already prepared by the man.At that time, only men were allowed to own land, which left a mark for a male homeowner's son to see to. When the man of the family died, the son would take over and then take on the same responsibilities as his father once did. Since the home was such an important aspect of Greek civilization, a detailed description of the common house and its rooms will help bring the society's physical form into a more comprehensive view. Throughout Ancient Greece, houses came in two forms: the northern and southern style. These two types of homes varied by material, structure, location, and culture. Due to the shortage of information on the houses, historians have made some assumptions as to the details of the ancient house and its uses.Inside the House Within the typical house of the ancient times, the functions of some rooms in the houses are obvious, while some are unknown today. But the evaluations of the interiors of these houses have helped researchers better understand what the typical house was like. Through research concerning the everyday house, it is now known what lies inside. Evidence has shown that these houses contained rooms equivalent to a main hall, courtyard, staircase, entrance, second entrance, upper floor for guests and slaves, and a number of public rooms that border the courtyard. One example is a house in the town of Olynthos. In the second millennium BC, in Mallia, Crete, a wealthy merchant's house (as we suppose) contained a vestibule, a main corridor, a group of small storerooms, a bathroom, an eating and sleeping room, reception room, and former stores. There were also houses of smaller size, owned by the less wealthy, consisting of only basic necessary rooms. These houses possessed simple qualities that have been tagged lower class.General information about the rooms is rather clear, but the furniture in the house made each room unique. The Greeks used practicality to furnish their houses and they also borrowed some Egyptian techniques to build the furniture. Their home furnishings consisted of countless stools and chairs, some of which borrowed the folding X-frame from the Egyptians; a bed was made out of a thick board on four legs with a blanket, or by weaving string across of wooden frame, and chests were used in place of cupboards. Mattresses were made of sacks filled with leaves, which was actually comfortable to the people at the time. By today's standards, many would say this method is unbearable, compared to the spring mattress.
Neighborhoods
The ancient Greeks lived in a very enclosed manner as rows of five houses lined a typical street at those times. The plot of land (like Olynthos) which the houses sat was typical of a rectangular shape with the rows of houses lined up one next to the other. This method of building was accomplished using the supporting wall structure of the neighboring house to keep the next house standing. Given that the rows of houses shared materials, the construction of a neighboring building would be somewhat shorter and more efficient than building a free standing structure depending on no other supports.
The House Lives On The Greek style house has branded different landscapes and cities with its unique ways. Greek influence has overcome Italian sites, such as Sicily, because the Greeks once occupied that area. The Romans and those in the area might owe Greece their innovations of the living quarters of the common man.
Information provided by: http://www.historyforkids.org
Agora, grega.
http://www.stoa.org/athens/sites/agora.html
The Agora
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This site was created for educational purposes by Kevin T. Glowacki. All content on this website (including text and photographs), unless otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
The Agora, the marketplace and civic center, was one of the most important parts of an ancient city of Athens. In addition to being a place where people gathered to buy and sell all kinds of commodities, it was also a place where people assembled to discuss all kinds of topics: business, politics, current events, or the nature of the universe and the divine. The Agora of Athens, where ancient Greek democracy first came to life, provides a wonderful opportunity to examine the commercial, political, religious, and cultural life of one of the great cities of the ancient world.The earliest archaeological excavations in the Athenian Agora were conducted by the Greek Archaeological Society in the 19th century. Since 1931 and continuing to the present day, the excavations have been conducted by the American School of Classical Studies in Athens.
Browse the Image Catalogues (click on any thumbnail to view larger image).
To accompany J. Camp, The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide in Color (2003).
To accompany J. Camp, The Athenian Agora: A Guide to the Excavation and Museum, 4th ed. revised (1990).
Select Bibliography:
Athenian Agora Picture Books (American School of Classical Studies). Small booklets on various aspects of daily life in the commercial and political center of ancient Athens. The booklets can be purchased from the Publications office of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Low-resolution PDF files of the same booklets can also be downloaded for free. Visit the ASCSA Publications website for a complete list of titles and instructions on how to download and/or purchase these booklets as well as other ASCSA publications.
Camp, J. 1986. The Athenian Agora: Excavations in the Heart of Classical Athens, London.
Camp, J. 1990. The Athenian Agora: A Guide to the Excavations and Museum, 4th ed. revised, Athens.
Camp, J. 2003. The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide in Color (Agora Picture Book 16), Athens.
Thompson, H.A., and Wycherley, R.E. 1972. The Athenian Agora 14: The Agora of Athens, Princeton.
Wycherley, R.E. 1973. The Athenian Agora 3: The Literary and Epigraphical Testimonia, Princeton.
Recommended websites:
Short description of the Athenian Agora (Greek Ministry of Culture)
Athenian Agora Excavations (Agora Excavations). The official web site of the Agora Excavations of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Includes a brief overview and introduction to the history of the excavations, illustrated excavation reports (from 1996 on), an index and guide to the major buildings and features in the Agora, an interactive QuickTime Virtual Reality tour of the site and museum, and other resources. Slides Sets designed to accompany many of the Agora Picture Books can also be downloaded or purchased.
QTVR Panoramas of the Agora (Agora Excavations)
Article on Athens (including the Agora) (Perseus Digital Library).
Perseus Building Catalogue (Table of Contents) (Perseus Digital Li
The Agora
HomeSites & MonumentsEssays & Other ResourcesMore About This SiteContact Information
This site was created for educational purposes by Kevin T. Glowacki. All content on this website (including text and photographs), unless otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
The Agora, the marketplace and civic center, was one of the most important parts of an ancient city of Athens. In addition to being a place where people gathered to buy and sell all kinds of commodities, it was also a place where people assembled to discuss all kinds of topics: business, politics, current events, or the nature of the universe and the divine. The Agora of Athens, where ancient Greek democracy first came to life, provides a wonderful opportunity to examine the commercial, political, religious, and cultural life of one of the great cities of the ancient world.The earliest archaeological excavations in the Athenian Agora were conducted by the Greek Archaeological Society in the 19th century. Since 1931 and continuing to the present day, the excavations have been conducted by the American School of Classical Studies in Athens.
Browse the Image Catalogues (click on any thumbnail to view larger image).
To accompany J. Camp, The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide in Color (2003).
To accompany J. Camp, The Athenian Agora: A Guide to the Excavation and Museum, 4th ed. revised (1990).
Select Bibliography:
Athenian Agora Picture Books (American School of Classical Studies). Small booklets on various aspects of daily life in the commercial and political center of ancient Athens. The booklets can be purchased from the Publications office of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Low-resolution PDF files of the same booklets can also be downloaded for free. Visit the ASCSA Publications website for a complete list of titles and instructions on how to download and/or purchase these booklets as well as other ASCSA publications.
Camp, J. 1986. The Athenian Agora: Excavations in the Heart of Classical Athens, London.
Camp, J. 1990. The Athenian Agora: A Guide to the Excavations and Museum, 4th ed. revised, Athens.
Camp, J. 2003. The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide in Color (Agora Picture Book 16), Athens.
Thompson, H.A., and Wycherley, R.E. 1972. The Athenian Agora 14: The Agora of Athens, Princeton.
Wycherley, R.E. 1973. The Athenian Agora 3: The Literary and Epigraphical Testimonia, Princeton.
Recommended websites:
Short description of the Athenian Agora (Greek Ministry of Culture)
Athenian Agora Excavations (Agora Excavations). The official web site of the Agora Excavations of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Includes a brief overview and introduction to the history of the excavations, illustrated excavation reports (from 1996 on), an index and guide to the major buildings and features in the Agora, an interactive QuickTime Virtual Reality tour of the site and museum, and other resources. Slides Sets designed to accompany many of the Agora Picture Books can also be downloaded or purchased.
QTVR Panoramas of the Agora (Agora Excavations)
Article on Athens (including the Agora) (Perseus Digital Library).
Perseus Building Catalogue (Table of Contents) (Perseus Digital Li
domingo, 6 de setembro de 2009
Ancient greek houses/Casas gregas antigas.
http://www.infibeam.com/Books/info/Bradley-A-Ault/Ancient-Greek-Houses-and-Households-Chronological-Regional/0812238753.html
Ancient Greek Houses and Households: Chronological, Regional, and Social DiversityBy Ault, Bradley A. (Editor), Nevett, Lisa C. (Editor) 0 Customer Reviews Imported Edition Condition: New Edition: Hardcover Availability: Usually ships in 10-15 business days FREE Shipping to All Cities in India!
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Ancient Greek Houses and Households: Chronological, Regional, and Social Diversity Book Description
Seeking to expand both the geographical range and the diversity of sites considered in the study of ancient Greek housing, "Ancient Greek Houses and Households" takes readers beyond well-established studies of the ideal classical house and now-famous structures of Athens and Olynthos. Bradley A. Ault and Lisa C. Nevett have brought together an international team of scholars who draw upon recent approaches to the study of households developed in the fields of classical archaeology, ancient history, and anthropology. The essays cover a broad range of chronological, geographical, and social contexts and address such topics as the structure and variety of households in ancient Greece, facets of domestic industry, regional diversity in domestic organization, and status distinctions as manifested within households. "Ancient Greek Houses and Households" views both Greek houses and the archeological debris found within them as a means of investigating the basic unit of Greek society: the household. Through this approach, the essays successfully point the way toward a real integration between material and textual data, between archeology and history. Contributors include William Aylward (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Nicholas Cahill (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Manuel Fiedler (Freie Universitat, Berlin), Franziska Lang (Humboldt Universitat, Berlin), Monike Trumper (Universitat Heidelberg), and Barbara Tsakirgis (Vanderbilt University). Expanding both the geographical range and the diversity of sites considered in the study of ancient Greek housing, "Ancient Greek Houses and Households" views Greek houses and the archaeological artifacts found within them as a means of investigating the basic unit of Greek society: the household.
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Author: Bradley A. Ault, Lisa C. Nevett,
Language: English
ISBN: 0812238753
EAN: 9780812238754
No. of Pages: 200
Publish Date: 2005-06-30
Binding: Hardcover Deliverable Countries: This product ships to India, Sri Lanka.
You may be interested in these Book titles
Archaeology of Houses and Hous... Kevin Glowacki ,Natalia Vogeikoff Brogan
Ancient Greek Homes Haydn Middleton
House and Society in the Ancie... Lisa C Nevett ,Colin Renfrew ,Clive Gamble
House & Society in the Ancient... Lisa C Nevett
The Furniture and Furnishings ... Dimitra Andrianou
Greek Geometric Pottery: A Sur... J N Coldstream
The Classical Manual: An Epito... James Skerret Shore Baird
Synchronology: Being a Treatis... Charles Crosthwaite
Lexicon of Greek Personal Name... P M Fraser ,R W V Catling ,E Matthews
Ancient Greek Houses and Households: Chronological, Regional, and Social DiversityBy Ault, Bradley A. (Editor), Nevett, Lisa C. (Editor) 0 Customer Reviews Imported Edition Condition: New Edition: Hardcover Availability: Usually ships in 10-15 business days FREE Shipping to All Cities in India!
Ships to India and Selected Countries. See Details
Books Home » Search
Ancient Greek Houses and Households: Chronological, Regional, and Social Diversity Book Description
Seeking to expand both the geographical range and the diversity of sites considered in the study of ancient Greek housing, "Ancient Greek Houses and Households" takes readers beyond well-established studies of the ideal classical house and now-famous structures of Athens and Olynthos. Bradley A. Ault and Lisa C. Nevett have brought together an international team of scholars who draw upon recent approaches to the study of households developed in the fields of classical archaeology, ancient history, and anthropology. The essays cover a broad range of chronological, geographical, and social contexts and address such topics as the structure and variety of households in ancient Greece, facets of domestic industry, regional diversity in domestic organization, and status distinctions as manifested within households. "Ancient Greek Houses and Households" views both Greek houses and the archeological debris found within them as a means of investigating the basic unit of Greek society: the household. Through this approach, the essays successfully point the way toward a real integration between material and textual data, between archeology and history. Contributors include William Aylward (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Nicholas Cahill (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Manuel Fiedler (Freie Universitat, Berlin), Franziska Lang (Humboldt Universitat, Berlin), Monike Trumper (Universitat Heidelberg), and Barbara Tsakirgis (Vanderbilt University). Expanding both the geographical range and the diversity of sites considered in the study of ancient Greek housing, "Ancient Greek Houses and Households" views Greek houses and the archaeological artifacts found within them as a means of investigating the basic unit of Greek society: the household.
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Author: Bradley A. Ault, Lisa C. Nevett,
Language: English
ISBN: 0812238753
EAN: 9780812238754
No. of Pages: 200
Publish Date: 2005-06-30
Binding: Hardcover Deliverable Countries: This product ships to India, Sri Lanka.
You may be interested in these Book titles
Archaeology of Houses and Hous... Kevin Glowacki ,Natalia Vogeikoff Brogan
Ancient Greek Homes Haydn Middleton
House and Society in the Ancie... Lisa C Nevett ,Colin Renfrew ,Clive Gamble
House & Society in the Ancient... Lisa C Nevett
The Furniture and Furnishings ... Dimitra Andrianou
Greek Geometric Pottery: A Sur... J N Coldstream
The Classical Manual: An Epito... James Skerret Shore Baird
Synchronology: Being a Treatis... Charles Crosthwaite
Lexicon of Greek Personal Name... P M Fraser ,R W V Catling ,E Matthews
Assinar:
Postagens (Atom)
